Eigen analysis

This workflow performs the eigen analysis ona stage matrix model.

The eigen analysis results are a set of demographic statistics:

Lambda or dominant eigenvalue: This value describes the population growth rate of a stage matrix. The population will be stable, grow or decrease at a rate given by lambda: e.g.: λ = 1 (population is stable), λ > 1 (population is growing) and finally λ < 1 (population is decreasing).

The stable stage distribution (w): It is the proportion of the number of individuals per stage. It is given analytically by the right eigenvector (another property of the transition matrix) that corresponds to the dominant eigenvalue Elasticity and Sensitivity: Sensitivity and elasticity analyses are prospective analyses.

The sensitivity matrix: The sensitivity gives the effect on λ of changes in any entry of the matrix, including those that may, at a given context, be regarded as fixed at zero or some other value. The derivative tells what would happened to λ if aij was to change, not whether, or in what direction, or how much, aij actually change. The hypothetical results of such impossible perturbations may or may not be of interest, but they are not zero. It is up to you to decide whether they are useful (Caswell 2001).

When comparing the λ-sensitivity values for all matrix elements one can find out in what element a certain increase has the biggest impact on λ. However, a 0.01 increase in a survival matrix element is hard to compare to a 0.01 increase in a reproduction matrix element, because the latter is not bound between 0 and 1 and can sometimes take high values. Increasing matrix element a14 (number of S (seedlings) the next year produced by a G (Reproductive individuals)) with 0.01 from 7.666 to 7.676 does not have a noticeable effect on λ. For comparison between matrix elements it can therefore be more insightful to look at the impact of proportional changes in elements: by what percentage does λ change if a matrix element is changed by a certain percentage? This proportional sensitivity is termed elasticity (Description based on Oostermeijer data, based on Jongejans & de Kroon 2012).

The Elasticity matrix: The elasticities of λ with respect to the stage are often interpreted as the “contributions” of each of the stages to λ. This interpretation relies on the demonstration, by de Kroon et al (1986) that the elasticitis of the λ with respect to the stage, always sum to 1. For further information see: de Kroon, et al., 1986. and Caswell 2001.

Reproductive value (v): scaled so v[1]=1. To what extent will a plant or animal of a determinate category or stage , contribute to the ancestry of future generation.

The damping ratio: it can be considered as a measure of the intrinsic resilience of the population, describing how quickly transient dynamics decay following disturbance or perturbation regardless of population structure, the larger the p, the quicker the population converges.

============================================================

This workflow has been created by the Biodiversity Virtual e-Laboratory (BioVeL http://www.biovel.eu/) project. BioVeL is funded by the EU’s Seventh Framework Program, grant no. 283359.

This workflow was created using and based on Package ‘popbio’ in R. (Stubben & Milligan 2007; Stubben, Milligan & Nantel 2011).

============================================================

For further details see:

Caswell, H. 1986. Life cycle models for plants. Lectures on Mathematics in the Life Sciences 18: 171-233.

Caswell, H. 2001. Matrix population models: Construction, analysis and interpretation, 2nd Edition. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

Horvitz, C., D.W. Schemske, and Hal Caswell. 1997. The relative "importance" of life-history stages to population growth: Prospective and retrospective analyses. In S. Tuljapurkar and H. Caswell. Structured population models in terrestrial and freshwater systems. Chapman and Hall, New York.

Jongejans E. & H. de Kroon. 2012. Matrix models. Chapter in Encyclopedia of Theoretical Ecology (eds. Hastings A & Gross L) University of California, p415-423

de Kroon, H. J., A. Plaiser, J. van Groenendael, and H. Caswell. 1986. Elasticity: The relative contribution of demographic parameters to population growth rate. Ecology 67: 1427-1431.

Mesterton-Gibbons, M. 1993. Why demographic elasticities sum to one: A postscript to de Kroon et al. Ecology 74: 2467-2468.

van Groenendael, J., H. de Kroon, S. Kalisz, and S. Tuljapurkar. 1994. Loop analysis: Evaluating life history pathways in population projection matrices. Ecology 75: 2410-2415.